心理治疗中的脱落(下)
发布时间:2025-01-31 浏览次数:62次
4 减少脱落的策略
识别出能够预测脱落的变量之后,如何根据这些有效的预测变量发展出减少脱落的干预策略,是研究者和临床工作者需要思考的重要问题。Ogrodniczuk,Joyce和Piper (2005)回顾了39篇有关降低脱落的策略的文献后,总结提出了6条减少脱落的建议:(1)筛选来访者,为特定类型的治疗选择合适的来访者; (2)就如何当来访者进行角色教育(role induction)访谈; (3)与来访者就治疗时长制定契约; (4)每次治疗前给来访者发送提醒; (5)整个过程中密切关注治疗同盟; (6)创建安全的氛围以促进来访者对负性情绪和正性情绪的探索。但以上一些干预策略的有效性存在异议。比如心理动力学取向治疗师并不认可“治疗前给来访者发送提醒”的做法,因为他们认为出席会谈是来访者的责任,同时缺席或忘记会谈本身也是有价值的分析材料(Reis & Brown,1999)。还有研究者认为,“将来访者分配到合适的治疗”策略在现实中实行起来并不容易,因为进行“准确的来访者筛选”本身就是一项颇为复杂的高难度技能(Malan,1979)。Swift等人(2012)认为,坚持参加心理治疗对很多来访者而言是一项困难的任务,治疗费用、时间、治疗过程中的自我暴露和痛苦处理等都可能让来访者难以忍受,因此来访者必须相信坚持治疗的获益要大于成本,才能提高对治疗的投入。基于这个观点,他们也总结了6条降低脱落的策略:(1)为来访者提供治疗持续时间和变化规律的教育; (2)就如何当来访者进行角色教育; (3)考虑来访者的偏好; (4)在治疗早期加强来访者获益的希望; (5)促进治疗同盟; (6)和来访者一起评估、讨论治疗进展。
以上两篇研究综述的建议存在一些相似之处,并且多项策略与治疗过程变量(如治疗同盟、来访者动机、症状严重程度等)密切相关。尽管不同研究者提出了不同的策略,但大多数研究者都很认同为来访者提供治疗前准备(pretherapy preparation)以及对治疗中的一些重要变量进行监测。治疗前准备是指为来访者提供关于心理治疗的本质和理论依据、来访者的角色与义务以及治疗中可能出现的困难等方面的信息,从而澄清来访者对治疗的误解,减少来访者与治疗师对治疗期待的不一致,以提高来访者的治疗准备(Ogrodniczuk et al.,2005)。不少研究发现,来访者对于治疗时长、治疗师的作用、治疗效果等抱有的不切实际的预期会显著增加脱落,因此治疗师应了解来访者的期待并进行心理教育(赵宏祥,江光荣,朱旭,2014; de Haan et al.,2013; Thylstrup & Hesse,2016; Zimmermann et al.,2017)。在治疗过程中,对来访者投入程度、治疗同盟、治疗进展等进行监控和干预能有效降低脱落率(周忠英,夏勉,江光荣,孙启武,2016; Clark,2011; Duncan et al.,2003; Lambert,2013)。例如,在每次会谈结束后使用治疗同盟问卷,或者将对治疗同盟的感知写进个案记录中,以帮助治疗师对来访者的脱落风险保持觉察,以便及时对潜在脱落者进行干预(Dyer,Hooke,& Page,2014)。另外,最好的预防脱落的策略是什么?这其实并没有一个明确的答案,因为心理治疗是一项高度个性化的工作,治疗策略要因人、因时而异。研究者建议在实践中要根据来访者的需要、个性、文化背景等选用最适宜的干预策略(Swift et al.,2012)。例如,对于有很多现实生活问题的来访者,可以使用个案管理策略帮助来访者处理日常生活问题,从而帮助来访者坚持心理治疗(Ogrodniczuk et al.,2005)。
尽管发展出预防脱落的策略很重要,但目前这方面的研究成果很有限,远不如脱落的发生率和预测变量的研究成果丰富。很多帮助来访者坚持治疗的策略还处于理论构想或临床描述的阶段,鲜有研究者在临床实践中专门使用这些策略并进行深入的实证研究。这导致了我们对于这些策略的适用情况、使用条件和可能的风险知之甚少,也缺乏成熟的评估量表和操作化方案,这使得脱落的预防策略在临床工作中的应用受到限制。为了更好地给临床工作者提供与特定情境相适应的预防脱落的有效建议(situation-recommendations),使其在特定时机对特定来访者采取有针对性的策略以促进其坚持治疗(Ogrodniczuk et al.,2005),我们迫切需要加强这个领域的研究。
5 未来研究展望
5.1 脱落的操作性定义需要改进
近年来不少研究者提议应重新审视“脱落者”的定义和对“脱落者”的看法。研究者认为脱落者可能已通过早期治疗而明显获益,甚至一些脱落者恰恰是因为早期治疗中的症状快速改善而选择了终止治疗,可能他们并不需要完全实现治疗目标,因而研究者主张将其看成早期治疗反应者(early treatment responders) (Erbes et al.,2009; Szafranski,Smith,Gros,& Resick,2017)。还有研究者认为,有些来访者不适合进行心理治疗,故而对治疗没有反应甚至会出现心理问题恶化,因此这类来访者也不应被视为脱落者(Lambert & Ogles,2004)。遗憾的是这些假设目前仅停留在理论层面。
我们认为,“早期治疗反应者”的脱落可能本身也与心理功能受损有关。根据脱落的核心内涵,只要来访者在最初求助的问题没有解决前(而不是根据是否完成全部的治疗协议)就终止治疗,就可以将其看作脱落者。研究者需要进一步完善脱落的操作性定义,脱落的操作性定义既要尽可能准确地反映出脱落的真正内涵,也要尽可能多地涵盖脱落的各种临床情况。我国研究者唐小娟(2015)在对大学生来访者脱落的研究中采用了“治疗师评定”法来定义脱落,并给治疗师提供了脱落的统一的操作性定义:“至少参加过一次咨询会谈,并且没有经过咨询师同意而自己停止继续咨询。比如,没有参加约定好的会谈; 没有达到预定的咨询目标就不再咨询; 促使当事人寻求心理咨询的问题没有解决; 当事人单方面终止或者不与咨询师讨论结案就自己结束治疗等。”这个操作性定义结合了治疗师判定、来访者爽约、单方面终止、临床显著变化等多个标准,其明显的优势在于为治疗师提供了一个统一定义,也涵盖了脱落的各种临床情况。这种操作性定义方法与不少研究者所建议的操作性定义界定方式相契合(Swift & Greenberg,2012; Warnick et al.,2012)。总之,发展出一个新的、更有说服力的脱落操作性定义是这个领域亟待解决的问题。在一个具有共识性的操作性定义基础上开展研究,有助于我们更深入地理解心理治疗脱落现象和切实降低脱落率。
5.2 未来研究需更多地在自然治疗设置下进行
当前的脱落研究仍以实验情境下进行的效力研究为主。但实际上,效力研究中严格的主试标准、被试标准及实施过程标准等设置在真实的临床情境中很难达到(Lambert & Ogles,2004)。临床中的来访者通常为有共病、而非单一疾病的患者,而治疗师也不会挑选患者,并且治疗师会根据每个患者的情况做出适合于他的治疗方案而非使用统一方案(Maniaci et al.,2017; Southam-Gerow et al.,2003)。这些因素限制了效力研究中的研究结果在临床实践中的应用。更有研究者提出质疑,认为效力研究中的治疗师多为大学培训中心受训中的治疗师,他们比拥有执照的全职治疗师临床经验更少,这可能会影响治疗同盟而导致来访者脱落的增加(Fernández-Arias et al.,2016; Raytek,McCrady,Epstein,& Hirsch,1999)。但是,相关研究结果却发现,效力研究中的脱落率显著低于效果研究中的脱落率,这其中或许还有其他重要的暂未阐明的因素在起作用。
笔者认为,国内外研究者很少关注的两种研究设计中治疗费用差异这一因素可能是导致两种研究设计中脱落率差异的一个重要因素。在真实临床治疗中,来访者需要付费,而效力研究中招募而来的患者被试通常是免费参加治疗。“是否收费”可能对来访者的参与动机、治疗同盟和治疗效果产生复杂影响。例如,对一些来访者而言,参与治疗相当于完成一个实验,当发现自己并不能获益(即症状改善)且退出实验没有损失时,他们可能更容易从治疗中脱落; 但另一些来访者可能在没有明显获益的情况下仍会继续接受治疗,因为治疗免费,这给予了他们更多尝试和坚持的理由(Krishnamurthy et al.,2015)。当然这些只是假设,至今还没有研究探讨过效力研究中“是否免费”这一和治疗设置有关的变量对脱落的影响。但治疗费用对来访者脱落的影响不能忽视。虽然效力研究中对各类研究变量的操纵和控制更严格,但其与真实治疗情景差异太大,我们甚至有理由质疑招募而来的患者免费参与的治疗项目是否能称得上真正的心理治疗。
5.3 脱落的预测变量的研究需要进一步细化
尽管许多重要的治疗过程预测变量已被识别出来,但实际临床工作的复杂性使得深入研究这些动态过程变量成为必要。例如,即使大量证据支持“治疗同盟”对脱落具有显著预测力,但在不同的评定者、评定次数上得到的治疗同盟质量对脱落的影响也不一致(Yoo et al.,2016; Zaitsoff et al.,2015)。此外,静态的预测变量也并非不重要,而是需要进一步澄清其对脱落的影响机制。尽管很多静态变量不能一致地预测脱落,但也有少数静态变量对脱落的预测力在跨研究间的一致性较高,可能是因为在这些静态变量与脱落率之间还存在稳定的中介变量。例如,来访者的婚姻状况可能可以预测其责任感和承诺水平的强弱(Rooney & Hanson,2001),从而进一步预测其是否会选择脱落。因此我们有必要检视一些人口统计学变量如何通过一些中介变量影响脱落,了解其内在作用机制(Warnick et al.,2012),这样才能增强我们对脱落现象的深入理解,帮助治疗师发展出更有效的干预脱落的措施。
5.4 关注治疗外重要事件及文化背景对脱落的影响
治疗师要加强对来访者特殊生活事件的觉察和干预。以往研究关注来访者治疗设置内变量,但不够重视来访者在治疗设置外的生活中发生的重要事件,例如搬迁、失业、家庭成员死亡等。研究发现,和坚持治疗的来访者相比,特殊的生活事件在脱落者身上出现的比率更高,但没有被当作阻碍治疗的重要因素来解释脱落现象,治疗师通常也不一定意识到这些重要因素的存在(Blackshaw,Evans,& Cooper,2018; O’Keeffe,Martin,Targe,& Midgley,2019)。另外,文化差异对来访者脱落的影响也值得关注。现有研究大部分以西方国家来访者为被试,以亚洲来访者为被试的研究寥寥无几。东方文化在很多方面不同于西方文化。笔者认为,东方文化对于治疗师这一权威角色的态度可能更加复杂; 同时,东方被试因为接受心理治疗而产生的羞耻感可能也会对脱落产生影响。遗憾的是目前还没有研究对这些可能影响脱落的因素进行探索。
来访者从治疗中脱落一直是治疗师临床工作中普遍存在的棘手问题,受到多种因素的综合影响。如果能够通过实证研究发现预测脱落的更多变量,并采用整合的、动态的视角理解来访者脱落的心理过程及其影响因素,我们就能在此基础上更好地提出有效的干预策略,切实降低临床心理治疗中的脱落率。然而,目前国内心理治疗领域有关来访者脱落的研究还处于起步阶段,亟需更多的治疗师和研究者加入进来,共同推动我国心理治疗脱落领域的理论研究和临床应用的发展。
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